What triggered the
mass exodus of youth from the Kashmir Valley in the late 1980's? An exodus
arguably unparalleled in the history of the Valley. One may have to go back to
the famines of the nine-teenth century to find any resemblance of similar
movement.
Many commentators
describe wide-spread rigging of the 1987 Assembly Elections in
Indian-administered Kashmir as a water-shed moment and the 'final straw that
broke the camel's back'. This migration of youth from the Valley in droves was
accompanied with a high amount of zeal, some climbing as high as 15,000 feet to
reach the 'base of Islam'. It also co-incided with the final embers of the Cold
War battleground in Afghanistan, with it's associated hangover of unutilised
weapons and unemployed manpower. Another emergence was that of an indigineous
agency, namely the JKLF, that begun to find it's activities enjoying
large-scale mass support before everything warped into internecine conflict -
amidst conflict of interest between different 'players' in the insurgency -
allied with vigorous allegations of targetting of non-Muslims of the State.
How many came and how
many have returned is yet unclear, although they remain in size-able number in
the metropolitan areas of Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Lahore and closer to home in
Muzaffarabad. There are also many who eke out their existence in refugee camps
on the outskirts of Muzaffarabad.
Much of the
information that is needed in terms of numbers of migrants appears to be a
closely guarded secret of clandestine agencies. Who remain forever vigilant of
this group of people, irrespective of where they live and what they do for a
living. There is no way around this research dilemma unless one has a mutually
beneficial relationship with representatives of these agencies. A proposition
utterly untenable for yours truly. Much as is the case with other matters of
research, first-hand research is not only difficult, it can be argued that the
system is designed to confuse and obfuscate the diligent seeker of first-hand
detail. Thus, one is at times forced to rely on anecdotal evidence and hearsay
which could have a thousand different motivations, possibly coated with an
equal number of exxaggerations, deliberate or otherwise. Figures vary widely
from person to person and despite an air of authority professed by some
narrators, one has to reconcile different figures quoted and still remain
uncertain. Just as we are not clear as to how many Kashmiri Hindu Pandits
emigrated from the Valley to Jammu and further south in the early 1990's
(figures vary between 100,000 and 400,000), It is similarly unclear as to how
many Kashmiri Muslims left the Valley for training and later settled in
Pakistan or Pakistani-administered Kashmir.
There are at least
three types of refugee. One realises that the word refugee is also not free of
controversy. Describing someone who has migrated from one part of the divided
State to the other as a refugee is offensive to some. It probably also gives an
indication of the 'limbo' status most of these find themselves in. When they
initially arrived, they were without exception given a rapturous welcome and
referred to as 'hamarey mehmaan' (our guests). There is also a common argument
that most of the people that crossed over in the early 1990's for arms training
were to put it rather crudely, from the less integrated sections of society.
Many hadn't fared well in education, even less belonged to any recognised
profession and some even had a criminal record in the Valley before they left.
Of the three
categories, a certain minority has benefitted immensely in economic terms from
the 'freedom struggle'. Needless to add, they have little incentive to return.
The second category consists of mainly professional working people who have
adjusted and integrated with life in Pakistan, albeit forlornly. They are
terribly bitter about their experience and rationalise their predicament by
exclaiming that they thought they had entered the 'Land of Heaven' where
proverbial milk and honey flowed; only to be rudely awakened to the reality of
hell. For them, if life was simply about a career or profession, then they
would have been far better off doing the same at home in the Kashmir Valley.
The harsh reality of life in Pakistan, where they found that people were not
particularly religious, rather that religion was used as a recruiting tool for
Pakistan's own national interest. This reality disturbed them immensely and
troubles them incessantly. They had sacrificed themselves in vain.
This second category
of migrants have a sense that their own gentle 'sufi' ethos was disturbed and
jolted in what seems an ill-calculated moment of passion. They had become
extreme. It should be made clear that India cannot abdicate from it's
responsibility for this metamorphisis. The supposed Messiah (Pakistan) turned
out to be another Jailor. What this writer found of particular interest was
their empathy for the Kashmiri Hindu Pandit community. In the words of one such
Muslim Kashmiri of the Valley in Muzaffarabad, "We understand what they've
been through because we have also been deprived of our motherland. It is as
important for them to return as it is for us."
The final category of
people are those that are littered throughout refugee camps and who heaviliy
depend on the 1,500 (PK) rupees per person per month package that Pakistan -
again through her clandestine agencies - provides them for basic living
expenses. It is ironic that the largest such 'refugee' camp is in Ambor, just a
few kilometres south of Muzaffarabad. This is the very camp where Hindus and
Sikhs of the State were kept in late October 1947 onwards, in a supposed bid to
protect them from persecution before transporting them (away from their
motherland) to either India or Indian-administered Kashmir.
One has heard through
the grapevine that many of those in the second and third category of Valley
refugees have persistently demanded that Syed Salahudeen of the Hizbul
Mujahideed (and Chairman of the United Jihad Council) take issue over their
plight with the Pakistanis. It is understood that on one occasion he lambasted
his fellow Kashmiris in frustration, "If your willing to starve, then I'm
willing to lead you in rebellion against the Pakistanis!"
An important
conclusion that one draws from this whole phenomena is how dejected and pessimistic
the vast majority of these hitherto youth and now men in their forties feel
about the future outlook of our region. It appears that even genuine work on
civil society development is too difficult for them to visualise. The riches
that some of their compatriots have amassed in the name of the 'Kashmir Issue'
combined with the torture, arrest and humiliation that many of them have
endured here, has worked like a double-edged sword, that continues to pierce
their spirit for humanity with constant regularity. How or what can be done to
restore hope in them is difficult to imagine.
Their daily recurring
dilemma is that they know they can't genuinely support Pakistan and neither can
they run away from Pakistan.
Author is a writer,
broadcaster and activist working for civil society development in
Pakistani-administered Kashmir and can be mailed at sahaafi@gmail.com
This article was first published in Rising Kashmir (a Srinagar-based English daily) on the 12th of January 2011.
